The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Creator's Background: Nathaniel Hawthorne was conceived in Salem, Massachusetts on July fourth, 1804. Hawthorne lived poor because of his dad's demise when he was four, yet he was helped by family members and took a crack at school where he shown an enthusiasm for composing. In school, he met a companion who might end up being an important assistance Franklin Pierce, future President of the United States. In 1825 he graduated furthermore, lived with his uncle in Salem for a long time, giving his time to perusing, composing, and rejecting for distribution. He heaved a few stories, however hardly any sold for over $35 each. In 1837 Hawthorne took an occupation in the Custom-House in Boston. He became exhausted with this work and the individuals around him, be that as it may, up to where he composed The Custom House as a prologue to The Scarlet Letter. In this presentation he indicated the dull existence of working in a custom house. From the Custom-House, he left for Brooke Homestead. During his time at Brooke Farm, he met such masterminds as Emmerson and Thoreau. He likewise met and pursued Sophia Peabody, and left Brooke Farm with her in 1842 to remain at "Old Manse", the Emmerson estate. When Emmerson come back to Old Manse, Hawthorne left and went to Salem to live with Sophia. Starting here, Hawthorne won an occupation at the Salem Custom-House because of a political arrangement from his school companion Franklin Pierce. Nonetheless, when the political breezes changed to Zachary Taylor, he lost his employment also, committed himself to composing at his significant other's request. The result was The Scarlet Letter, which was the start of a effective arrangement of books including The House of Seven Peaks in 1851, The Blithedale Romance in 1852, and Tanglewood Tales for Boys and Girls in 1853. With this achievement and the guide of President Franklin Pierce, he was named as US delegate to Liverpool, England. This was a compensation for composing Pierce's life story. Hawthorne's conclusive a long time are scrappy. On a journey back to Plymouth, New Hampshire, he turned out to be creepy sick and passed on May 19, 1864. He was covered on Concord, Massachusetts. Abstract Period and Setting Literary Period: Romanticism and Introspective philosophy Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. USA 1842-1849 Characters Hester Prynne A) Hester was a excellent young lady who lives in Boston, Massachusetts. She is glad and solid, yet submits the transgression of infidelity with Reverend Dimmesdale while her significant other is as far as anyone knows in Britain wrapping up some work. Pearl is the result of this sin and Hester is compelled to wear a red letter "A" on her chest for an incredible remainder to give her wrongdoing. Disengaged from the network, Hester is compelled to rise a stage higher than

Analysis of Tegel Holding Pty Ltd

Question: Talk about the Analysis of Tegel Holding Pty Ltd. Answer: Presentation: Examination of Tegel Holding Pty ltd: This Company occupied with the exercises of poultry process in New Zealand. Organization is winning admirably, and ready to reimburse its obligation. Fiscal reports of the organization show great measure of benefit in the organization. Organization PL account shows that organization wins income for 582.4 million of every 2016, and monetary record of the organization shows that there is less measure of obtaining in the organization that is 130000,000 in the organization. in this way, for the development of the organization, it has following monetary alternatives. Following are the advantages and disadvantages of different fund choices, and attributes of those alternatives: Initial public offering: Initial Public Offer is the procedure through which privately owned businesses can offer its stock and offers available to be purchased to general society just because. In this there can be any new or old organization can choose to list on the Australian stock trade, and offer the general population for the offer of its stock. Initial public offering permits the Australian organizations to offer their offers to enormous number of open, and mastermind capital for future development (AIA, n.d.). Private position: in this organization can made proposal of offer of its offers and protections not to people in general, yet through private contribution. In this offers are offered to modest number of speculators picked by organization. In this financial specialists are huge banks, shared assets, insurance agencies and annuity reserves (ASIC, n.d.). Bank advance: it is a game plan between the partnership and monetary organization which was generally made to raise finance for the greater capital consumption or to meet the cost identified with operational exercises which can't meet by the organization. There are two sorts of bank advance for the organizations one is made sure about credit and other one is unbound advance. Plant and Equipment Lease back: it is a budgetary exchange wherein one offers its advantage for another, for the extensive stretch of time rents back a similar resource. Through this course of action individual can utilize the benefit for longer timeframe yet not possesses the advantage. These courses of action help the organization in taking care of its obligations and improve the situation of the accounting report of the organization (AASB, n.d.). In the wake of dissecting the situation of the organization Tegel Holding Pty ltd these two choices best for the organization: Initial public offering IPO is the alternative through which organization can offer its protections to people in general everywhere and mastermind capital for future development through open. For Tegel Holding Pty ltd IPO would be the acceptable alternative since organization can offer its offers to general society everywhere, and access to the capital for its future tasks. Comapnny is procuring acceptable income, and can deliver profits to its investors and increment the estimation of offers. In 2016 income of the organization was 582.4 million which shows that organization is functioning admirably and ready to expand the estimation of offers (Tegal, 2016). Points of interest: Simple access to the capital of the organization for the future development of the organization. Presentation of the results of the organization to the open who have never found out about that. Organizations can orchestrate assets without paying high pace important to the cash moneylenders. Offer capital of the organization increments without increment in the obligation of the organization. Burdens: There are number of rigid guidelines for the IPO which organization needs to satisfy. Typically the expense of IPO is high for the organizations. For new organizations rules made by the ASIC are difficult, and rigid to follow.Bank Loan: in my perspective organization can likewise decide to raise assets through bank credit since obligation proportion of the organization is less, and measure of obtaining by the organization is just 130000. Organization is acquiring great and ready to pay premium add up to the bank. Organization can orchestrate assets through budgetary establishments for the extension of its business. Organization can pick any choice whether made sure about advance or unbound credit (Tegal, 2016). Points of interest: Organization can mastermind assets through budgetary establishments for meeting the expense of its operational exercises and for the future extension of the organization. Simple accessibility of assets, and simple believability. There is advantage in charge arranging. Detriments: Cost for raising bank advance is high. High installment of intrigue. Severe guidelines of bank for getting credits. Getting credits from bank is testing since banks need protections. References: AIA. First sale of stock ( IPO ). Recovered on eighth November 2016 from: https://www.investors.asn.au/training/shares/mechanics-of-share-contributing/first sale of stock initial public offering/. ASIC. Bringing assets up in Australia. Recovered on eighth November 2016 from: https://asic.gov.au/administrative assets/gathering pledges/bringing assets up in australia/. AASB Standard. Leases. Recovered on eighth November 2016 from: https://www.aasb.gov.au/administrator/document/content105/c9/AASB117_08-15.pdf. Tegal. Yearly report 2016. Recovered on eighth November 2016 from: https://investors.tegel.co.nz/media/1058/tegel-yearly report-2016-dps.pdf. Tegal. Money related report 2016. Recovered on eighth November 2016 from: https://investors.tegel.co.nz/media/1047/fy2016-budgetary statements.pdf.

Writing Advice for Psychology Paper

Writing Advice for Psychology Paper Writing a Psychology Paper: 4 Best Tips Home›Education Posts›Writing a Psychology Paper: 4 Best Tips Education PostsWriting Advice for Psychology PaperWriting in psychology can be a challenge especially considering how specialized the field can seem at times. However, no type of text benefits from too much jargon and not enough clarity. Just remember that your main purpose is to educate others on the developments in your field and consult this article to learn clever tips for all types of psychology papers.How to Write a Research Summary/Literature ReviewWriting tips for a research summary are pretty simple â€" all you need to do is gather the existing research and try to draw your own conclusions based on it. At best, you will need to shed some light on the topic. And don’t feel like you’ll have to spend all your time in a library. Some research can and should be done online. Just don’t pull sources off disreputable websites. That may negatively impact your grade.How to c reate an Empirical Paper or Research ProposalThis type is probably what you think about when psychology papers are mentioned. Some things are obvious. Your paper should attempt to explore an as yet underresearched area of the field. You should explain why you think more study of your topic of choice is necessary, especially if you are writing a proposal asking for a grant. Finally, do not attempt to conduct research and draw the conclusion. You are just stating that the topic is interesting, not trying to find the answers to your study questions immediately.Use EvidenceIf there’s one thing professors everywhere hate, it is unsupported claims and data that come out of nowhere. Your psychology instructor will be majorly annoyed with you if instead of using facts and empirical evidence, you just make broad statements. Always cite your sources and whenever in doubt whether a fact should be cited remember that excessive citing never hurt anybody. Just don’t quote someone’s opinions . Those will not support your scientific arguments and lower the grade.Learn How to Differentiate Between Worthy and Inappropriate SourcesThe Internet is overflowing with information on psychology, both accurate and inaccurate. It is up to you as a scholar to learn which sites can be trusted and which should be avoided like the plague. First, do not confuse popular with academically appropriate. For instance, a self-help may be universally beloved and number one on the NYT bestseller list. However, if it is not a peer reviewed article or thesis in an academic journal, it probably is not what you should be looking for. Second, always try to access the original sources of any information. It is OK to use secondary resources for primary research, but strive to access the authors’ original thoughts.These tips, as well as following proper citation styles, will lead you to the best grades of your life.

Have You Touched Liquid Mercury

Mercury is a heavy, liquid metal. It used to be common in thermometers and other equipment. Have you ever touched mercury or been exposed to it? Were you fine or did you experience symptoms or exposure? Did you shrug it off or seek medical attention? Here are responses from readers: Info is exaggerated Mercury does not absorb through your skin instantly. Elemental mercury does absorb through your skin, but at a very slow pace (I really mean very slowly). As long as you dont expose your skin to the metal too much and you wash your hands after then you would be fine. If any mercury did absorb through your skin then because the amount will be so small then you would urinate it out leaving no mercury in your body meaning it wont build up to harmful amounts. In fact you could absorb more mercury by eating a can of tuna. Im not trying to build up a false sense of safety with this material, as its not something you should have out all the time. If you kept exposing yourself everyday even in small amounts could build to harmful amounts in the body, while if it you did it a couple of times a month then it wont build up. And as for the vapor, when the mercury is at room temp then the evaporation rate is only 0.063 ml per hour per cm squared of surface area exposed of mercury. — chris Played with Mercury My dads dad was an inventor type, and I once found a little bottle with mercury. I poured some out and was amazed. I had a hard time getting it picked up off the counter. I told my dad I found it and he told me not to mess with it and that it is toxic if exposed for a prolonged time. Mercury is dangerous, and you need to be cautious not to be exposed to it directly for long periods of time, but simply handling it is not going to make you drop dead. Its like cigarettes; deadly over long periods of exposure, but you arent going to die if you walk into a smoky bar and have a drink. — Marcus Things mess up!! When I was in primary school my science teacher told us that we should not touch mercury and do not break the thermometer. Instead she was the one who broke it and the mercury was spilled exactly on me all over my hands and maybe face, Im not sure as it happened too fast. I was too shock to take immediate action and so all Ive done is wash my hands thoroughly. Im not sure if that is enough. — croc beauty The Mercury Risk I have touched mercury back in the day, before it was regulated. It is fun stuff. We all know better now, but I do need to chime in on the actual risks. The risk from elemental mercury is ingestion and inhalation. Ingestion is a normal risk, similar to other toxic chemicals and cleaners, and it should not be eaten. The vapor pressure of mercury is so low at room temperature that there is very little risk of inhalation. If you wash your hands after handling, risks are very low. But if you drop a bit, it could become atomized, and inhalation risks go up considerably. Also, if it is heated, as in artisanal gold mining, the risks are high. So, I agree, when mercury is dropped or vaporizes, evacuate the building. The more problematic and more toxic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates and can have serious health consequences, especially for the young and unborn. According to the Blacksmith Institute, 1/3rd of the mercury in the environment is due to artisanal gold mines. — jbd People once thought Hg was an elixir. Jack London used to rub it on himself in belief that it would cure him of illness. Needless to say, he did develop mercury poisoning, but that was over many years. So, I am sure touching it once wont hurt you at all. — Chris Hell ya It was probably the funniest thing I ever did and Im not brian damajed. — Player I did touch liquid Mercury It wasnt intentional or planned but when one of our thermometers in the lab was broken, we found it the right time to get the experience while we were trying to collect the small pieces. The experience of seeing the tiny pieces turned into a big one and break them again into tiny pieces was kind of interesting, if not amazing to us during our freshman year. — Elizabeth Kentucky I cant imagine there would be so many stupid people whom believe touching mercury would kill them. When I was in high school we spilled a pint bottle of mercury in the floor. We got down with notebook paper and scraped it up into pile and scooped it up and put in back in the bottle. None of us died, In fact most of us are now very well and over age of 75. Our local school broke a thermometer and the school was evacuated, closed and a chemical response team called in to clean up the mercury. It is ironic how fear mongering by the press and those out to make a dollar from unneeded actions has influenced the masses to leave their brains on off and look to a corrupt government for their salvation. — oldfellow Beautiful interesting element I played with it as a kid and in high school, but was never around fumes. Im now in my 60s, healthy and teaching. — crazylablady Loved those magical little beads! In grade school during the early 60s we were given mercury as a hands on experiment. Touch it and it bursts into tiny balls, round them up and they meld into one larger one. Im 56 and pretty darn healthy! I also remember getting a tube of gunk that you could squeeze out a blob, blow it up into a balloon and pinch shut. Probably was full of lead! How did we survive such unhealthy childhoods! — Ruthe For sure! When I was a grade-schooler, I belonged to an informal science club. We used to study various science topics and run low-cost experiments. One member had some mercury in a bottle that we put into a bowl and played with using our fingers, splitting it into smaller drops and then reuniting. We didnt realize then it wasnt a good idea! Maybe could account for some of my digestive problems now....? — Steve Mercury, lead, asbestos etc. I rubbed mercury on coins, made lead soldiers, and our home water pipes were lead. When I worked in a large lab for two years in my early twenties we mixed asbestos, flour, and water to insulate our equipment. The inside of our noses were white with asbestos. A friend of mine who had a similar background died two years ago from a heart attack unrelated to mercury. I am 80 with no known health problems. — Nomar Thermometers When I was a kid, back before there were spirit thermometers, the various oil companies and insurance companies used to mail out desk calendars with little thermometers on one side. I would collect as many as I could, break them open, and chase the globs of mercury around for hours, rolling it around in my hand and across the floor. I had amassed a sizable amount of Hg from several years of multiple calendars. The only warning I ever got was mom saying, Dont eat that stuff. — Rouxgaroux Mercury I am 80 so of course I touched mercury in chemistry lab. It was a great way to make silver dimes new and shiny. — C Bryant Moore A thief got it in the end. In high school chemistry, I accidentally got in on a blue birthstone ring that was gold. It turned it silver. It stayed like that until a thief stole it when I was in college. Luckily, it was not a very expensive ring nor something I wore much. We were playing with the mercury on our desks at our teachers suggestion when this occurred. There were no warnings about toxicity at the time (a long time ago). —NANCYJMG Mercury Yes, in fact I knew a guy who was trapped in a vessel of Hg up to his waist! His wellingtons where full and he could not move, before I helped to rescue him he fell over in 3 foot deep Hg. He didnt drown. He was fine after this, but his mercury urine levels where well over the safe limits. — david bradbury In Middle School I had some in the palm of my hand for about five minutes when I was in middle school. Knowing nothing about it I had no idea why my hand turned red. — Edgar Have I ever touched Mercury Darn betcha. It was every science teachers toy after blowing up magnesium in water. The danger in mercury is long term exposure to its vapor. Most chemistry rooms have a bead of Mercury flowing around their mop boards. Pull them up and wow, if the environmental agency saw that. I use to float a shot put in a half gallon of mercury until they sent in the boys from hazmat took my toy away. Now I just blow up magnesium. Anyone know where I can get some phosphorus? —epearsonjr Link Between Mercury and Depression? In primary school we each had some on our desk ALL the time to play with. When I worked in the University of Newcastle as a research Assistant in Chemistry I spent 3 years using Anodic Stripping Voltametry in researching certain compounds. I was always cleaning mercury, cleaning up small spills and a few times arrived in the lab in the morning to find the seal on the mercury storage container on the machine had broken and the floor of the lab would be covered with a fine layer of mercury -- all of which I had to clean up. This was quite a few years ago before all the new OHS laws, and this lab was completely internal with no exhaust fans. Yes I am still alive at 62 years old, but I do have a rare form of depression for which there is only one form of medication to keep it under control. I have lost my sense of smell, and so taste. Not sure if this is a result of that or working in chemicals laboratories all my life. — Pamela Played with mercury As a middle school age boy we had an old oil burning boiler removed and in the removal was about a pint of liquid mercury. I asked for it and was given it. for months we poured it over our hands and arms, soaked our pennies in it so they looked silver, etc. I ended up majoring in chemistry in college as a result and taught it for 30 yrs. No known ill effects so far and I am nearly 60. — Jon Sure Did When I was about 10, I broke a thermometer and cleaned it up with my fingers. I was also exposed to other poisons as part of university agricultural research. Now I have MS. Im sure the poisons turned on my MS gene. — Jean Sure, lots of times Like a couple above, we used to push it around. Mostly on our desks at school. I cant remember where / how we got it but I think it was in some sort of bottle and not a broken thermometer. We didnt smear it on pennies. That seems odd. We smeared it over dimes as that kept the same color but made the dime really shiny. This was back in the 50s and I dont remember anyone thinking it was dangerous. I also remember tossing sodium into water and taking phosphorus (?) out of water and letting it ignite as it dried. — spokey Broken thermometer As a kid I loved playing with mercury I remember pushing the small spheres together to make a larger sphere. I was a child of the 60s and we were unaware of the dangers. I do not remember any warnings about mercury until maybe the 70s. I do not remember any problems that occurred at the time or since that time. — Ann M Yes Ive played with it! As a grade school kid back in the 1950s we always played with mercury. Loved dropping it on the desk into many tiny beads, then push them all together to form a bigger bead. Nobody told us it was bad. —chuckles11 Mercury form drives toxicity Mercury exists as a vapor (gaseous elemental Hg), as a liquid (elemental Hg), as a reactive species (Hg2) and as organic methylmercury (MeHg). Form dictates toxicity. The most toxic is inhaling gaseous mercury. It goes straight to the brain and causes insanity. Ingesting liquid mercury is not very toxic. Any basic environmental chemistry text will say about 7% stays in the body, while 93% is excreted. Even if mercury continues to be ingested, it will not cause insanity but it could cause kidney failure. Popping a few balls of Hg from a thermometer into your mouth isnt a good idea, but its not likely to hurt you. Bacteria transform inorganic mercury into MeHg, which accumulates up the food chain. Eating a lot of highly contaminated seafood can cause nervous system problems in a fetus and infants. It is unlikely to harm adults. Inorganic and MeHg are metabolized, with half life of about 70 days. Except for inhalation, only massive and continuous doses are toxic. — Kendra_Zamzow Mercury I work on mercury for preparation of their salts, it is poisonous and its salts are corrosive. 1st time i touch mercury when i am in class 6 from medical thermometer it is running like a ball like a small dew, mother says dont touch it is poisonous but i touch many times. — drashwani Forgery In school chemistry lessons we used to clean pennies with nitric acid and then silver plate them with mercuric chloride solution by rubbing the solution on with our fingers. It made them appear to be half crowns (yes its a longtime ago) so we could then go into the newsagent after school, buy ten cigarettes and still get change. So mercury and cigarettes from age 12 and Im still here (I did give up smoking a long time ago). —houghtong Have you touched liquid mercury? When I was a lot younger, we would take mercury and place a drop on a penny, then with our fingers, spread the mercury on the penny until the penny was entirely coated giving it a silver appearance. This was done several times by my brother and me. My father was a chemical engineer and he showed us how to do this. I never had any reaction either topically or systemically to the mercury. I did this about 60 years ago. I also love swordfish steaks, which are reported to have high Hg content. On another idea, I also made my own black powder and cannon (small 1/2 inch shot used). And I remember using DDT as an insecticide. Still alive and kicking. —gemlover7476 oops Several times during my childhood a mercury thermometer would break and my mother let me push the minute beads of mercury together (from all over the bathroom floor) and watch them eat each other and grow. It was fascinating. So now Im brain-damaged? — CRS When I was a kid... We used to take the mercury out of thermometers and put it into a glass bottle. We would turn the bottle and watch it move around and thought it was cool. We were around 6-12 in a group of kids that just hung out together. Back in the early 70s nobody cared what we were doing as long as we werent fighting or in the grownups hair. When I got into high school I found out how dangerous it is. We knew it was poison but to us that meant we shouldnt eat it. — Knittykitty Sure! As a child, of course! My mother even let us touch it, thinking it was a good science learning. And once in a class at school. But then, Im old and nobody knew better then. My kids got the dont touch it lecture. — Jone Lewis Mercury is Deadly Hi, Ive always been warned since childhood not to touch mercury, so never have. Over a decade ago science professor at US Davis passed a way from over exposure to Mercury in the lab. Also a very dear Doctor of chiropractic passed away in 2003 from having eaten sea food tainted with Mercury. It was very sad to see a once robust individual who had helped to restore my own health, waste with away with declining health over a period of 18 months. Still saddens me to think of him. — Sukhmandir Kaur Why? Im sorry, but I dont see why anyone would ever touch the stuff! People have known it is toxic for a long time. Seems like anyone alive who touched it must be terminally stupid. Thats my opinion, anyway! — Bea Yes, Ive touched it! I had a gold ring on one time and accidentally touched the mercury drop with the ring. The gold and mercury reacted, permanently discoloring the ring. — Anne

Consumer Privacy Is The Fundamental Right That Should Be...

Literature Review According to Nakr (2011) In the United State of America, Almost people consider privacy is the fundamental right that should be protected. The authority or government should come out such a law to guard people privacy. As today, consumer privacy rights become more serious concern as the using of digital transaction which being exchanged over the Internet. All the sensitive information such as tax, health and identification number data is stored on the database. The owner will not know who has accessed to it. These concerns, users are become more aware of it and unwilling to easily provide such the most sensitive and private info. Marketers as a trustee should have a responsibility to preserve consumer data and not only†¦show more content†¦Regarding to the survey of 374 graduate business students at Midwestern university which conducted by Peterson, Meinert, Criswell II and Crossland (2007) found that the increasing of new small enterprises in the market that make them more aware of their personal data which need to provide when they have transaction. How well do small enterprises manage with customer privacy? Firms should guarantee of security of customer data that will increase customer trust and attract more customers. Customer seem to less trust in a third-party seals to protect their sensitive information compare to self-reported privacy. One of the factors that indicate the success of the small enterprise is depend on the willingness of customer to provide their information. The privacy policy of the company should be clear and prà ©cised. According to Boulding et al. (2005) that customer relationship management is developed in the mid-1990s by information technology industries to keep data in the database for marketing purposes. In the search of Lo, Stalcup and Lee (2008), which was studying the customer relationship management for hotels in Hong Kong. The research has found that almost hotels in Hong Kong are implementing CRM to help them manage relationship with their customers and increase customer retention. The CRM is very important to them and create value to customer such as customer’s evaluation toward hotel service

Argue for/against Social Networking Free Essays

When sat down by a man, let us call him ‘Vincent’ for now, and asked to contemplate an understanding of modern society how does one react? Obviously ‘Vincent’ is looking upon you for a conclusive answer to this, after all, his rather stern look on his wrinkle free, cosmetically moisturised, face, nestled above a ‘Skinny-Fit’ tight black suit worn on his gym harassed body, is expecting an answer. However, just as you begin to start an ‘umm.. We will write a custom essay sample on Argue for/against Social Networking or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ filled explanation of your personal interpretation to the very meaning of modern society he stops you; reaching into his pocket to silence his buzzing iPhone. â€Å"Sorry about that, just had a new friend request on Facebook, you know how it is†. A response that immediately makes you realize that in fact your flawed theory of modern society is not as you first thought, but is rather sitting across the table from you in Starbucks (one of the select with free wi-fi, of course). Whilst naturally this metaphor is going to be biased in perspective it lays out many of the key features of society noted within the last few, recession deprived years. Major players being incorporated into our everyday life: the need for access to the internet, the surrounding claustrophobia of technology and the nonexistence absence of the likes of ‘Facebook’ from our lives. Evidently however this is no such element of negativity in our lives, however could it be? We commit to our jobs, our families and our sharing of information – all freely of course. Alternatives are there, the – somewhat handicapped – benefits system, a life alone and a disconnection from the knowledge of what society is doing as of now. The only reason this newly discovered element makes face into our lives is because we welcome it, embrace it for it’s true value for society. Speaking of values: our friend ‘Vincent’ happens to be a combined banking-marketing-sales extraordinaire, knowledgeable of course on all products, on the money that we all value so dearly and without a doubt the economy. It is therefore an inarguably brilliant idea to approach him for his opinion on social networking, for us naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve members of society have nothing to lose and all to gain in terms of knowledge on our own day to day living conditions. Now it is our turn to ask the question, but this is no feat for ‘Vincent’ to overcome. This brilliantly presented metrosexual man has his answer already prepared, after all, he knows. ‘Social media is simply the greatest benefit we have made available to us’ – the first golden nugget of information we learn. Grasping onto each and every word we have little choice but to beg for an expansion on this idea, wishing not to be kept in the dark about his views. †To people like me†, and I quote, †the social network is the best marketing tool man could create’ ‘It allows for us to sell you a product at any time, but not just any product, a product tailored to you via all the information you provide daily†. ‘Tailored’ to us? What better a reason could we have than this to enable identification of our lives; after all, modern society moves quickly, saving time in a way alike this is beneficial to all. In no way detrimental? †Socially society has evolved, much in thanks due to social networking† †The electricity used in the use of social networking ultimately ends up benefitting the economy through tax and the likes of† †After all, how else could friend A and friend B communicate with such ease?† I had to stop him there: ‘Vincent’ was blowing through my boundaries for enlightenment of brilliance for one day. He has a point, we all think the same whilst reading that. Socially we are all so much closer, universal, able to talk so fluently to one another over text, so flawlessly typed. Nowadays overcoming the boundaries of not seeing the other reciprocates emotions are simple, why one just incorporates a ‘:D’ to show joy, or a stigmatic ‘-.-‘. The need for face to face social interaction is less than ever, something we as society naturally embrace, for interaction takes time, and our capitalist motto of ‘time is money’ could never be truer. You get the point. Social networking’s effect on our lives has been as great as the tone of menace from the strong, metaphorically feminist, business like woman sitting to our right, disgraced at the use of ‘man-kind’ and my creation of a ‘man’ for the wider metaphor rather than a unisex character named ‘Sam’. Daily we offload information private to us without whole knowledgeable consent, daily we allow for our face to face interactions to be interrupted. These issues themselves are detrimental, but detrimental to modern society? How can something be detrimental to society if it is society? How to cite Argue for/against Social Networking, Papers

Magnificent monument to Paul Klee Essay Example For Students

Magnificent monument to Paul Klee Essay In addition to serving as a showcase for some 4,000 works by  Paul  Klee 40 per cent of his lifes workthe multi-functional center honours the multiple facets of the life of a remarkable man. Musician, teacher, philosopher, poet:  Paul  Klee  was all of theseand one of the worlds most beloved and prolific artists. Furthermore, the centre constitutes the largest body of work by one artist anywhere in the world. In addition to extensive exhibition areas, it includes state-of-the-art research facilities, a communications zone, a childrens museum and activity area, five conference/meeting rooms, a concert hall and even a top-flight restaurant, located in an adjacent building. The over-riding objective of the meticulously conceived project, according to Andreas Marti, director, is to present a total picture of an artist whose cultural contributions stretch far beyond his iconic paintings and drawings. Tilman Osterwold, a  Klee  specialist who was previously an independent curator and director of the Wurtembergischen Kustverein in Stuttgart, Germany, is artistic director of the vast  Klee  holdings and charged with mounting exhibitions at the centre. Outline1 Another Piano masterpiece2 No day without a line3 Never Swiss4 Family affair5 More than a museum6 Widespread support Another Piano masterpiece Zentrum  Paul  Klee  gives Switzerland its second architectural masterpiece designed by Renzo Piano, who also designed the celebrated Fondation Beveler in Riehen, a suburb of Basel. The two couldnt be more unlike in concept, however. Where Fondation Beyeler is purely linear in design, Zentrum  Paul  Klee  is sumptuously curvaceous. Piano designed the structure as a series of three hills of exposed steel arches and expanses of glass, its undulating form inspired by the rolling countryside into which it nestles. Rather than considering the adjacent superhighway an aesthetic disadvantage, Piano saw it as a plus, orienting the building along a parallel interior thoroughfare, called Museumstrasse (Museum Street), which connects the three hills. This multi-purpose area, designed both for rest and recreation, serves as the communications backbone, offering a wide range of traditional and electronic media that provide important background information on the exhibitions. The middle of the three hills is devoted to exhibition spacea 1,700-square-metre gallery dedicated to the permanent  Klee  collection, of which 200-250 works will be shown at a time. Lighting and ventilation in this space have been carefully calibrated to conserve the works, many of them on paper and therefore sensitive to exposure, a lower gallery, covering 800 square metres, is earmarked for special exhibitions, an average of four per year. Exhibitions set for 2006 include Max Beckmann, a contemporary of  Klee, and Andy Warhol, who was inspired by his work. No day without a line The inaugural exhibition, Kein Tag ohne Linie (No day without a line), features approximately 120 works from  Klees extremely prolific later years. These are essentially calligraphic drawings in pencil and ink and are less well known to the general public. Both expressive and meditative, they attest to the pro. found enigma of  Klees life experience and ideology. The title, taken from Plinys Historial Naturalis, is a phrase the artist jotted down under work number 365, a drawing, in his director), of works for 1938. He produced even more the following year. In a 1940 letter to his friend, the art historian Will Grohmann,  Klee  writes: It has been a rich year for drawings. Never have I drawn as much, and never with greater intensity. Twelve hundred numbers in 1939 has to be a record.  Paul  Klee  died the following year in Locarno-Muralto. Never Swiss Paul  Klee  was born in Munchbuchsee, near Bern, on December 18, 1879. His father, a music teacher, was German, thus conferring German nationality on his son, while his mother, also a musician, was from Basel. After completing his primary and secondary education in Switzerland,  Paul  Klee  went to Munich in 1898 to study art. In 1911, he met the artists Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc and other members of the Blaue Reiter movement, of which he became part. Following an important exhibition in Munich in 1920, which established his reputation, he became a professor at the famed Bauhaus in Weimar in 1921. He left the Bauhaus to accept a position at the Dusseldorf Art Academy in 1931. Two years later, however, he was dismissed under pressure of the Nazis, who labeled his art degenerate. This prompted  Klee  to leave Germany, returning to Bern, where he spent the rest of his life. .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 , .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .postImageUrl , .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 , .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:hover , .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:visited , .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:active { border:0!important; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:active , .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271 .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua61709d07b83e1d7b6d1ebd8abdca271:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paul Cezanne EssayIronically, this widely acclaimed Swiss artist was never a Swiss citizen. His application for citizenship, making its slow course through Swiss bureaucratic channels, was finally approved only after his death. Bern Mayor Dr. Klaus Baumgartner, says the Swiss capital owes something to  Paul  Klee  and his family, as a result. Family affair Planning for the Zentrum  Paul  Klee  dates back to 1997, when Livia  Klee-Meyer, the artists daughter-in-law announced that she was prepared to donate almost 650 works, covering all aspects of his career, including his legendary marionettes, to the city and canton of Bern, provided that a museum would be built by 2006. The following year, Alexander  Klee, the artists grandson, agreed to loan some 850 works and donate important documents from the family archives, and the  Paul  Klee  Foundation, formerly housed in the citys Kunstmuseum, announced its intention to merge its 2,600 works and extensive archives with the familys holdings. Now all that was needed was a home. That requirement was fulfilled when Professor Maurice E. Muller, world-renowned orthopedic surgeon and entrepreneur who developed a uniform vocabulary for orthopedic surgery and invented the hip replacement, agreed to donate SFr. 30 million Swiss francs (later doubled to SFr. 60 million) and a plot of land in Schongrun, on the outskirts of Bern. Not only did he and his wife Martha provide financial backing, he specified the architect, Renzo Piano, whom he knew personally and whose work he greatly admired. Additional funding for the Zentrum  Paul  Klee, whose construction costs were in the range of SFr. 110 million, came from the cantonal lottery and private sources. The city and canton of Bern will pay operating expenses. More than a museum Few artists have had such close ties to music as  Paul  Klee, who played the violin to near-professional standards. While he himself had mixed feelings about early 20th-century music, his pictorial ideas inspired many contemporary composers. It is not surprising, then, that music plays a central role at the Zentrum  Paul  Klee. A rich program of regular concerts, many of them exploring crossover points with  Klees artistic ideas, will feature ensembles from Switzerland and abroad. Likewise, a childrens museum and creative center, Kindermuseum Creaviva, reflects the pedagogical side of  Paul  Klee  as well the joyful, child-like quality of much of his art. At the heart of Creaviva are three well-equipped studios, where children from four to 99, their families, visiting school classes and teaching staff benefit from a modular program that explores both two-dimensional and three-dimensional creativity. The concept of creativity and team-building workshops aimed at discovering the creativity in all of us play a key role in plans for our conference centre, which can accommodate groups of up to 300 people, says Mark Isler, marketing director. Companies and other organisations are looking for an alternative to hotels and conference centres. Our facilities are already heavily booked for the second half of 2005. Widespread support The opening of Zentrum  Paul  Klee  is receiving enthusiastic support from many sectors. Together with the Einstein centennial and the opening of Berns gigantic new sports stadium, it is playing a key role in the citys summer long celebration. In addition the Swiss Post is issuing a special  Klee  postage stamp; BLS, the local train company, is sponsoring an S-bahn covered with  Klee  motifs and Bus no. 12 has extended its run, making the centre a 15-minute ride from the main train station. Opening hours are Tuesday through Sunday from 10:00 to 17:00, 21:00 on Thursday. The Museumstrasse opens one hour earlier and closes one hour later.

THE TRIPOLITAN WAR AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Essay Example For Students

THE TRIPOLITAN WAR: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Essay Carruth, Gorton, ed. Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates. 8th ed. New York: Harper Row, 1987. R 973. 02 C. On p. 124 under May 14, this source identifies Yusuf Karamanli as the man who started the Tripolitan War. Divided into four columns, each chronologically organized, this source is helpful to one seeking to determine the exact dates of obscure events in American history. CHRONOLOGY Barton, David. Original Intent: The Courts, the Constitution, Religion. We will write a custom essay on THE TRIPOLITAN WAR: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Aledo, Tex.: Wallbuilders Press, 1996. Written by a Christian author, this book tells of the Tripolitan War from a Christian perspective. While other books attribute tribute payments to be the cause of the war, this source goes beyond explaining the cause of the war to explain the religious fervor that drove the war (Christianity v. Islam). OTHER Friedel, Frank, ed. Harvard Guide to American History. 2 vol. Revised ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974. R 973.016 F. In vol 2, p. 783 under 39.6.1 is listed Bowman,Albert H., Jefferson, Hamilton and American Foreign Policy, Political Science Quarterly, 71 (1956) 18 and Varg, Paul A., Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (1963). Formatted in chronological order, this source provides the titles of authoritative works on American history up to 1970. It is the principal reference tool for one seeking information on sources relevant to a particular topic. HARVARD GUIDE Johnson, Allen and Dumas Malone, ed. Dictionary of American Biography. 3 vol. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1959. R 920 D. On pp. 187-190, this source gives a biographical sketch of the life of Stephen Decatur, with a special focus on Decaturs involvement in the Tripolitan War. Especially interesting is the account of Decaturs daring revenge on the Tripolitan ship whose crew murdered James Decatur, Stephens brother. BIOGRAPHY Leckie, Robert. The Wars of America. New York: Harper Row, 1968. R 973 L. On pp. 226-227, this source tells of Jeffersons hasty rebuilding of the United States Navy to provide battleships for the Tripolitan War. Specifically written about the wars of America, this source provides information on not only the technical planning of the war, but also the political planning involved in the war. OTHER Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary. 3d ed. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1994. R 910.3 M. On p. 1200 under Tripoli, this source gives the location of Tripoli, the country which began the Tripolitan War with the United States. Also, the dictionary provides a brief sketch of the history of Tripoli. For those seeking information on the location of historical sites, this source is an essential. GAZETTEER Morris, Richard B. and Jeffrey B. Morris ed. Encyclopedia of American History. 7th ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1996. R 973.03 E. On p. 1009, this source summarizes Stephen Decaturs heroic recapture of the U.S. frigate Philadelphia during the Tripolitan War. Divided into four sections, Basic Chronology, Topical Chronology, Five Hundred Notable Americans, and Structure of the Federal Government, this source provides a brief commentary on almost any subject relating to American history or government. ENCYCLOPEDIA .

Free Essays on Enron Chief Financial Advisor Pleads Guilty

â€Å"Enron chief financial officer pleads guilty† The first and foremost problem with this is that Lea Fastow was in the top tier of management in Enron, which is a gigantic company that is now all, but gone from our memory. Due to his great authority, reputation, and his past with this company he was easily able to deceive everyone at the company. With the knowledge he had of investments and the experience he had everyone in the company was more than happy to go along with him and his recommendations just for the simple fact that the people assumed that he knew what he was doing. When really all that was happening was a large amount of lies and deception simply to line his pockets and many other chief executive pockets with enough money to walk away even once caught with a smile on their face while what they did not realize, is how many people, including ones with families are getting horribly hurt by these despicable tactics. Fastow openly lied to shareholders just to make money for him and others. First of all, they entered into side deals that were completely built up with â€Å"off-the-books,† enterprises. The companies that even did actually exist in these plans and deals are actually worse off than they would have been if they would have gone on with it by themselves, but due to their getting involved with Enron, Fastow, and the other chief executives they are under or going under as a finality in the matter. These deals are including fraudulent transactions not only just within the inner confines of Enron, or even within the very limits of our national borders, but clear across international lines. The Enron scandal has penetrated worldwide and therefore hurts people worldwide. Some of these schemes were also simply to allow for unsuspecting people to keep investing their hard-earned dollars into the Enron and its partner companies, in order, to make even more money for the corrupt officials there. After ruining thousan... Free Essays on Enron Chief Financial Advisor Pleads Guilty Free Essays on Enron Chief Financial Advisor Pleads Guilty â€Å"Enron chief financial officer pleads guilty† The first and foremost problem with this is that Lea Fastow was in the top tier of management in Enron, which is a gigantic company that is now all, but gone from our memory. Due to his great authority, reputation, and his past with this company he was easily able to deceive everyone at the company. With the knowledge he had of investments and the experience he had everyone in the company was more than happy to go along with him and his recommendations just for the simple fact that the people assumed that he knew what he was doing. When really all that was happening was a large amount of lies and deception simply to line his pockets and many other chief executive pockets with enough money to walk away even once caught with a smile on their face while what they did not realize, is how many people, including ones with families are getting horribly hurt by these despicable tactics. Fastow openly lied to shareholders just to make money for him and others. First of all, they entered into side deals that were completely built up with â€Å"off-the-books,† enterprises. The companies that even did actually exist in these plans and deals are actually worse off than they would have been if they would have gone on with it by themselves, but due to their getting involved with Enron, Fastow, and the other chief executives they are under or going under as a finality in the matter. These deals are including fraudulent transactions not only just within the inner confines of Enron, or even within the very limits of our national borders, but clear across international lines. The Enron scandal has penetrated worldwide and therefore hurts people worldwide. Some of these schemes were also simply to allow for unsuspecting people to keep investing their hard-earned dollars into the Enron and its partner companies, in order, to make even more money for the corrupt officials there. After ruining thousan...

Development(history) of Transportation system in US(or California) Essay

Development(history) of Transportation system in US(or California) - Essay Example This essay stresses that transportation system development in the U.S. is concentrated on sustainability, economic contribution, environment, governmental efficiency and competitiveness of the nation. Benfield is of the view that efficiency is the only factor that one needs to develop a transportation system. Economic cost for transporting goods and passengers, fuel consumption implications, pollution, and urban sprawl and congestion are some of the factors that motivate the government to invest profoundly in developing the national transportation system. This paper makes a conclusion that the U.S. transportation system has undergone dramatic change processes spanning from the 18th to the 21st century. Its developmental journey started from waterways to mass transit systems of today. The emergence of such a complex transport system had come about through political, economic and social endeavors. From Red Indians during the 18th century to the Gold Rush consumers to the modern transit travelers, these consumers have paved the way for the U.S. transportation system. However, these developmental factors would not have achieved its objectives had it not been for the contribution of business community. Although, they had been motivated by their own interests, nevertheless they were the first "planners" who had literally paved the way for linking settlements, towns and metropolis. Regardless of the players and factors, the U.S. transportation system today is clearly one which deserves admiration.

Empowering Employees on Team Processes Research Paper

Empowering Employees on Team Processes - Research Paper Example However, the range of resolutions the employees can take part in is dependent on the organizational policies. Some of the areas employees may have a voice in include, the working conditions, vocational hours, company policies, the manner in which jobs are to be undertaken, peer reviews as well as how supervisors are appraised. To achieve employee empowerment, the management has to undertake capacity building and the development of the human resources under their control or payroll. In view of this, employees and teams ought to possess the self-belief and capacity to perform assignments and ought to have the opportunities to grow and shine. Performance and employees self-assurance is boosted when they gain additional skills in organizational as well as management issues, and when they obtain fresh skills and expertise. Employees’ empowerment is not a one-day undertaking and it is not straightforward.   Employee empowerment in an organization setting Human resource professiona ls believes that businesses can increase their productivity by empowering their employees. Other human resource scholars put forward that the majority of organizations take part in employees’ empowerment because of its potential to augment organizational innovations and value (Boudrias, Brunet, Morin, Savoie, Plunier, & Cacciatore, 2010). In an organizational setup employee involvement, entails the supervisors supporting immediate workforces in taking part in decisions concerning their vocational responsibilities, and offering them power over their working environment. This strategy is believed to increase workforce enthusiasm and in due course makes them increase their output. However, some researchers have downplayed this hypothesis by arguing that employees empowerment is influenced by many factors other than giving employees control over their work environment. Boudrias, Brunet, Morin, Savoie, Plunier, and Cacciatore, (2010) ascertain that the empowerment of the employee does not take place in an organizational void. This is because the supervisors may endeavor to boost the empowerment of their workforces through awarding the workforces decision-making tasks and offering them the chance to take part, but other organizational system aspects such as procedures governing decision-making, capacity building as well as the reward process may be contradicting to the power given to the employee. Hence, the probability of an empowerment effort by the supervisor to enhance the employees’ empowerment could be conditional to the existence of organizational sustaining features. Therefore, empirical research suggests that effectual empowerment of employees necessitates the creation of an organizational environment distinguished by acknowledgment, support, autonomy support and justice (Boudrias, Brunet, Morin, Savoie, Plunier, & Cacciatore, 2010).  Ã‚  

Effects of Derivatives in National Legislation

Effects of Derivatives in National Legislation In the case before us the United Kingdom has failed to transpose the directive into national law, resulting in a detrimental effect for both Rachel and Jose. The fact that the UK government voted against the Directive when it was adopted in the council of ministers by QMV[1] and believes that existing legislation adequately covers teacher’s rights is of no consequence if the state of the law doesn’t give effect to the directive. Initially it was envisaged that the infraction procedure as set out in Article 226[2] EC treaty would be the primary means of enforcement of community law against member states[3]. Article 226 proved itself to be ineffective; at the time lacking provisions[4] to impose penalties on member states. Article 226 is also incapable of safeguarding the rights of individuals (a compensation order cannot be made against the defaulting state in favour of the aggrieved individual)[5]. Due to the inadequacy of Article 226 in the case of Van Gend en Loos 1962[6] the principle of direct effect was born. Van Gend en Loos had had a customs duty imposed on his goods by the Dutch contrary to Article 25 breaching rules in relation to the free movement of goods. Van Gend brought proceedings against the Dutch government in the national courts claiming reimbursement of the customs duties. The Dutch court sought a preliminary ruling from the ECJ[7] who first of all considered whether treaty provisions coul d confer directly effective rights upon individuals. The ECJ held that â€Å"community law†¦ not only imposes obligations on individuals but is†¦ intended to confer†¦rights which become part of their legal heritage†¦ (arising)†¦ not only where they are expressly granted by the treaty, but also by reason of obligations which the treaty imposes in a clearly defined way upon individuals as well as upon member states†. Article 249 provides that a directive is binding as to the result to be achieved but not as to the method employed by the state[8]. The direct effect of directives was first recognised by Van Duyn v Home Office[9]. Van Duyn was a scientologist refused entry to the UK as the UK government had imposed a ban on foreign scientologists entering the UK. Van Duyn challenged the ban as falling foul of Directive 64/221/EEC which required that any ban be based on the personal conduct of an individual. The ECJ held that â€Å"it would be incompatible with the binding effect attributed to a directive by Article 249 to exclude, in principle, the possibility that the obligation which it imposes may be invoked by those concerned†¦ (particularly where a directive)†¦ has imposed on member states obligations†¦ the useful effect †¦ (of which)†¦ would be weakened if individuals were prevented from relying on it before their national courts. Another justification for direct effe ct of directives is that of estoppel[10]; it would be wrong for a member state to be able to rely on and gain advantage through their failure to implement an obligation under a directive; they are thus estopped from denying the direct effect of directives once the deadline for transposition has passed. The estoppel argument has one very important implication; as direct effect is based on the fault of the member state in failing to implement the directive it follows that parties may invoke and rely on the directive against the state only; (i.e. only vertical not horizontal direct effect). Where a directive is properly implemented individual rights flow from the implementing legislation and not the directive itself. The limit to vertical direct effect can be best illustrated by the case of Marshall[11]; â€Å"a directive may not of itself impose obligations on an individual and that a provision of a directive may not be relied upon against such a person†. An important requirement is that â€Å"it is necessary to examine in every case, whether the nature, general scheme and wording of the provision are capable of having direct effect†[12]; the provisions must be â€Å"unconditional and sufficiently precise†[13][14]. So, Rachel, working for an entity of the state (a state school) may be able to enforce her right to a break with direct effect through the English courts; the â€Å"teacher’s employment rights† directive imposes on member states obligations to ensure that teachers are afforded a 3 hour break. Clearly as the directive has not been transposed Rachel has been deprived of this right and the English judge should rule in favour of her right to a break. The directive also fulfils the Becker test; it is unconditional and sufficiently precise. Jose, ostensibly will not be able to enforce his rights through the English courts, although he is being denied his break he works for a private institution, a problem insofar as direct effect of directives is permitted only vertically (individual v the state[15]) and not horizontally (individual v individual). This two tier legal system, affording increased rights to public sector employees has come under a barrage of criticism from the judiciary and academia alike[16]. Conversely to allow horizontal direct effect would render the distinction between directives and regulations meaningless so as to be effectively one and the same[17]. Although a directive has in certain cases been used as a â€Å"shield† in a dispute between private parties to prevent provisions of conflicting national being invoked against each other[18] Jose may though be able to claim direct effect; if, although he works for a private institution it has a public function; â€Å"a body†¦ which has been made responsible†¦ for providing a public service under the control of the state†¦ is included among the bodies against which the provision of a directive capable of having direct effect may be relied on†[19]. So in the case of Jose it is a question of fact whether he may be able to rely on the directive. The concept of state liability stems from the case of Francovich[20]. The full effectiveness of community rules would be impaired and the protection of the rights granted would be weakened if individuals were unable to obtain redress when their rights are infringed by breach of community law for which a member state can be held responsible[21]; state liability for loss and damaged caused to individuals is therefore inherent in the treaty[22] In Francovich the court held that in cases where there was a failure to implement community law under Article 249 that there was a right to compensation provided (a) the result which had to be attained by the directive involved rights conferred on individuals. The directive undoubtedly confers rights (better working conditions on both Rachel and Jose) (b) the contents of the rights could be identified from the provisions of the directive (this is satisfied as the directive is clear and unambiguous as to the applicable rights) (c) there must exist a casual link between the failure by the member state to fulfill its obligations and the damage suffered by the person affected (clearly if Rachel and Jose are dismissed because they refuse to work without the break provided for in the directive then there is a casual link). On the face of it Rachel (and Jose) would be able to bring an action for damages against the British government. It is for the national courts†¦ to ensure legal pro tection which persons derive from community law[23][24]. In anycase in the case of Jose, if he is not able to enforce his rights directly (and a complaint to the commission is a lengthy process-see below) industrial action by his trade union could be an attractive alternative. Article 226 plays the leading role in the â€Å"centralised enforcement† of EU law (as opposed to direct effect for instance at the national level)[25]. 226 provides that â€Å"if the commission considers that a member state has failed to fulfil an obligation under this treaty, it shall deliver a reasoned opinion on the matter after giving the state concerned the opportunity to submit its observations†¦ if the state concerned does not comply with the opinion within the period laid down by the Commission, the latter may bring the matter before the court of justice†. In addition Article 227 provides that a â€Å"memberstate which considers that another member state has failed to fulfil an obligation under the treaty may bring the matter before the Court of Justice†. The use of Article 227 has been rare though, member states preferring to leave it to the commission to take action under Article 226[26]. The infrequent use of Article 227[27] can best be attribute d to politics, especially with the increased use of QMV making it even more imperative to maintain good relations with fellow member states[28]. Also in the case before us the failure to implement correct break times for teachers lecturers in the UK is probably not of much concern to the Spanish government!! Returning to article 226 the procedure compromises two elements; the administrative stage and the judicial stage. The Commission, upon being notified of the member states infringement by a member state or a individual initiates matters with an informal letter to the member state government outlining the reasons upon which it suspects and infringement. The member state government is then invited to reply and to submit further information. This is then followed by a formal request to the member state to submit its observations (the letter of notice). Ideally the commission and the member state will negotiate an agreement by this stage, especially if it is the case that the member state is genuinely unaware of the infringement or is simply buying time before implementing the directive. In the UK as there is a chronic shortage of teachers the implementation may well have far reaching applications, for this reason the UK may well call commissions bluff and refrain from implementing the directive for a period of time. Only if no agreement is reached in the early stage will the commission deliver its reasoned opinion. Then only if the infringement continues will the commission move from the administrative phase to the judicial phase. It is of note that only a minority of cases will reach the judicial phase, in 2002 approximately ten percent and in 2003 approximately thirteen percent[29]. It is worth noting that the Commission is under no obligation to take action with regards to Article 226. If the member state takes no heed of the reasoned opinion then the Commission may begin the judicial stage but there is no time limit that the commission must adhere to in doing so[30]. Once the ECJ has judged against the member state failure to observe the terms of that judgment will constitute a breach of Article 228(1). The state may be required to remedy, introduce or revoke national law to comply with the courts judgment. If the state continues to be in breach of the judgment then the commission may invoke fresh proceedings under Article 228(2). The three administrative stages of Article 226 will then apply. If the commission decides to progress to the judicial stage then the commission will recommend a lump sum and or penalty payment[31] to be imposed against the defaulting member state (although I issue the caveat that this is only a recommendation to the court and there is no upper limit on the amount that may be fined). The Court of justice has consistently imposed fines on member states in Art 228(2) proceedings. In the case of Commission v Hellenic Republic[32] the ECJ held that although Article 228(2) did not specify the period in which the judgment had to be complied with the importance of immediate and uniform application of community law meant that the process of compliance had to be initiated at once and completed as soon as possible[33]. The process of Article 228(2) is a very long and drawn out one, with many cases taking a decade or more. Given that several years or more may elapse between the initial complaint to the commission and the hearing before the court of justice, the commission, in circumstances where continuing damage is being caused while the case is processed may well apply to the court for interim relief. The court may apply interim relief under Art 243; â€Å"the court of Justice may in any cases before it prescribe any necessary interim measures†. In the present scenario the issue of interim relief is, seemingly academic as they have not yet been sacked, instead I mention it to try and give a broader view of the area. In summation the commissions actions under Art 226 (or in the unlikely case of a state art 227 actions) are long, drawn out processes and will be of little use to Rachel and Jose who will have long moved on before their protests come to fruition. Bibliography: Chalmers, D. Hadjiemmanuil, C. Monti, G. Tomkins, A. (2006) European Union Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Craig, P. Directives: Direct effect, Indirect effect and the construction of national legislation. E.L. Rev. 1997, 22(6), 519-538 Fairhurst, J. (2005). Law of the European Union. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Harden, I. What future for the Centralised enforcement of community law? (2002) 55 CLP 495 Harlow, C. Rawlings, R. Accountability and law enforcement: The centralised EU infringement procedure. E.L. Rev. 2006, 31(4), 447-475 Meltzer, D. Member state liability in Europe and The United States. 2006 Jan 4 Int’l J. const. L. 39 Pachnou, D. Direct and Indirect effect of directives and state liability: their applicability in relation to procurement remedies. P.P.L.R. 2000, 5, 251-260 Weatherill, S. Breach of Directives and Breach of contract. (2001) 26 European Law review 177-183 Footnotes [1] Qualified Majority Voting [2] Formerly article 169 [3] Chalmers, Hadjiemmanuil, Monti and Tomkins, 2006, p365 [4] Subsequently amended by the TEU Article 228(2) [5] Fairhurst, 2006, p234 [6] Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen Case 26/62 IN RELATION TO A TREATY ARTICLE [7] European Court of Justice [8] A directive is addressed to the state and NOT its citizens, As opposed to regulations (addressed to its citizens) which are binding as to both the method of implementation and the result to be achieved. [9] Case 41/74 [10] First employed in Ratti Case 14878 [11] Marshall v Southampton and SW Hampshire Area Health Authority (1986) Case 152/84 at Para 48 [12] Van Duyn v Home Office. Case 41-74 at Para 12 [13] Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Mà ¼nster-Innenstadt. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Finanzgericht Mà ¼nster Germany. Direct effect of directives. Case 8/1981 at Para 25 [14] See also Craig, 1997, 522 [15] See Faccini Dori v Recreb Case 91/92 [16] See for instance Case 316/93 Vaneetveld v Le Foyer and Faccini Dori v Recreb Case 91/92 [17] See Faccini Dori v Recreb Case 91/92 at Para 24 [18] Weatherill, 2001, p177 [19] Foster v British Gas Case 188/89 [20] Joined cases C-6 and 9/90 Francovich and Bonafici v Italy [21] Ibid at Para 33 [22] Ibid at Para 34 [23] R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd Case 218/89 [24] Meltzer, 2006, 59 [25] Harden, 495, 2002 [26] Harlow and Rawlings, 2006, 451 [27] As yet on only two occasions see Case 141/178 France v United Kingdom and Case 388/95 Belgium v Spain [28] Chalmers, Hadjiemmanuil, Monti and Tomkins, 2006, p349 [29] European Commision 21st Annual report on the application of Community law, COM (2004) 839 [30] See the 6 year wait in Commision v Germany Case 422/92 [31] See Case 304/02 [32] Case 387/97 [33] Pachnou, 2000, 256

Human Proportions in Architecture

‘After having considered the right arrangement of the human body, the ancients proportioned all their work, particularly the temples, in accordance with it'. To what extent does the human body influence architectural forms and writing from antiquity to 1600? The study of the human body has spanned centuries, from the mathematicians of antiquity to the humanist scholars of the High Renaissance, and parallels between the bodily proportions and architecture have played their part in some of the most celebrated architectural feats.Writers and architects throughout this period never eased in exploring the various ways in which the ‘arrangement of the human body could be applied to architecture, from associations with the Golden Section, to the Roman perfect numbers, and the creation of the square and the circle as ‘ideal' forms derived from the Vitamins man. Yet, whilst all these issues were significant to the architects and writers of this period, many other factors wer e Just as important in determining the architecture produced.It is important to take into account not only alternative systems of proportion other than those derived from the human body, but also the historical and social context in which buildings were being designed. Furthermore, whilst writers and architects were influenced by the use of the human body in previous works, they were often equally influenced by the mere ‘authorities' of the past, and whilst human proportions may have been passed on through the centuries, the meaning behind its involvement was frequently lost, so that it was not a conscious reference to the human body, but a keeping with tradition.The theory which exists as the basis of this discussion is notion established by Aristotle, who scribed the relationship between the human body and the rest of reality: â€Å"the body carries in it a representation of all the most glorious and perfect works of God as being an epitome or compendium of the whole creati on†l . This idea of man as a microcosm in the grand macrocosm of the Universe is one which led to the belief that in creating architecture for the worship of God, it was only those proportions created by God himself, namely those of man, which could ever be worthy.Yet, over the course of the next millennium, a whole host of different interpretations of the human DOD were made, so that it was not a single set of ideas which became applied to architecture. To begin in antiquity, the most basic way in which the human body influenced architecture was in the creation of the classical orders. Most simply, it is understood that the form of the first Doric order derives from the warriors of King Doors in Greece, and thus displays â€Å"the proportions strength and beauty of the body of a man†.Though the intricacies of the Doric order, namely the triptychs and mottoes, are believed to originate from timber construction of the primitive hut which was then copied in stone, the mas culine, war-like associations of the order were very influential throughout antiquity, during the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. Examples of the Doric order include the Temple of Hyphenates, Athens, mid 5th century BC, built in dedication for the blacksmith of the Gods and forger of armor, as well as Brakeman's Temperate 1502-19, for SST. Peter, 1 by G.Odds and R. Tavern, y and Building : Essays on the Changing Relation of Body and Architecture, (Cambridge, London : MIT, 2002). P. 35 the hero and martyr. The Corinthian and Ionic orders display as much human influence in their architectural forms and associations, respectively having derived from the Ionian and Corinthian peoples. Based on the more civilized Ionian women, the Ionic order expressed feminine values of a matronly figure, with the curls of hair, folds of drapery and sandals represented in the volutes, fluting and base of the column.Similarly, the Corinthian order is thought to have derived from the basketwork of a Corinthian maiden, and so portrays the slender, refined qualities of a young girl, surrounded by acanthus leaves for the capital. In his architectural reties of 1537-43, Sebastian Series states that â€Å"temples to male saints whose lives were less robust than delicate, or to females saints who led matronly lives should be Ionic.Temples to the Virgin Mary, virgins, nuns, should be Corinthian†. Thus, it is apparent how the various forms of the human body can be influence not only the physical forms of the building, but also their values and associations. Historically, it is important to note that architecture based in mathematics, meaning that to the ancients, the practice of architecture was not differentiated from that of thematic theory.This is therefore a strong argument in favor of how bodily proportions influenced classical architecture, reiterated by Vitreous who claimed that â€Å"without symmetry and proportion there can be no principles in design, that is, if ther e is no precise relation between the members, as in the case of the well-shaped man†2. Furthermore, it was the mathematician, Pythagoras (582-507 SC), who suggested that the Golden Section was based on human proportions, and therefore proving its importance in the dimensions of classical buildings.The most celebrated example of this system of proportion is the Parthenon, built on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece in the 5th century BC. Although several elements, including the dimensions of the fade, the spacing of the columns and the interior rectangular space can be seen to agree with the Golden ratio, very few scholars still believe that the Parthenon was originally intended to comply with the theory discovered by Euclid sometime after it was built. Therefore, in terms of their utilization of the Golden Section, it does not appear that the architecture of the ancient Greeks was strongly influenced by the human body.Yet, when returning to Vitreous, another example of the human b ody influencing architectural forms and writing is introduced. In Book Ill of his Ten Books of Architecture he confronts us with the fact that man, when â€Å"placed flat on his back, with his hands and feet extended, and a pair of compasses centered at his navel, the fingers and toes of his two hands and feet will touch the circumference of a circle and described therefore. And Just as the human body yields a circular outline, so too a square figure may be found from it. 3 The importance of this discovery to the scholars of antiquity, that man could fit into the two most perfect geometric units, was immense, as it was thought to reveal a fundamental truth about man and the world. In light of the earlier notion of the microcosm-macrocosm, it becomes clear why 2 Vitreous, Book Ill of his Ten Books of Architecture, quoted in R. Witter, Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, (London : Academy Editions, 1973) 3 Vitreous, The Ten Books on Architecture, Book Ill. Architects and theorists were keen to emulate the square and circular forms, as derived from the human body, within their work. Within ancient Rome there are few centralized buildings, but any such examples prove how ideas of centralization were not only discussed in architectural writings, but were actually put into practice. The Pantheon, Rome, rebuilt during the reign of Hadrian c. 125 AD, is a primary example of the celebration of the two purest geometric and anthropomorphic forms, with the plan consisting of a circle attached to a square.The square entrance-hall, which opens onto the vast coffer dome of the interior, is one of the most technically brilliant feats of its day, as well as a huge influence to architects and writers of the true. One further example of central-planned buildings of antiquity is the Temple of Minerva Medical, of 4th century Rome between the via Albanian and the Aurelian Wall. Though it exists today as a mere ruin, its original decagon's structure and dome adhere to the geometrical recommendations of Vitreous and the ancient mathematicians, illustrating the influence of the body on architecture.The issue of centralized structures was one that preoccupied the minds of architects and theorists through the centuries, but it was not until the Renaissance, and Liberties De Re Edification off when centrally planned churches became fully established. In his stipulations for the ‘ideal church', Alberta declares that the circle is the shape most celebrated in nature, but he also advocates 8 other geometric shapes derived from the circle including the square, hexagon and decagon, and rejects the form of the basilica because of its inadequacy in comparison to the temple. Michelangelo choir for AS Annunciate, Rome 1444, is considered to be the first centralized building of the Renaissance, based on a circle with attached semi-circular chapels. Liberties San Sebastian, Mantra of 1460, however, makes use of the Greek cross plan, with 3 arms protruding from a central cross-vaulted interior space. Yet, perhaps the figure to show the greatest interest in the physical manifestation of the central plan was Brucellosis.His Old Sacristy for San Lorenz, commissioned by Giovanni did Basic De Medici, and completed in 1428, is considered â€Å"the first Renaissance space that could actually be entered†5 . The plan consists of one exact square with 3 surrounding squares a third of the size, with the overall cube being surmounted by a hemispherical dome. Similarly, Brutishness's Santa Maria dogleg Angel, 1434, has a central plan based on an octagon surrounded by 8 chapels each with rounded ends like an apse.AY these buildings, of which there are many more, make use of the central plan and thus illustrate the influence of the human body from which they were derived. Yet, it may not be the case that the architects adopted these shapes for that same reason, and it is therefore necessary to identify other factors which may have led to thei r adopting of centralization. To begin with, it is possible that characters like Brucellosis and Alberta, at the time f a thriving classical revival in Florence, were simply being influenced by the 4 R.Witter, Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, (London : Academy Editions, 1973) p. 6 5 F. Hart, History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting: Sculpture: Architecture. (London, 1987) prestige of centralized buildings and wanted their buildings to carry the same associations of a powerful Roman Republic. Aside from the obvious example of the Pantheon, as mentioned earlier, a further direct influence from Rome may have been the Santos Stefan Rotund which, in the sass, underwent major restoration work byReselling under Pope Nicolas V, bringing it to the attention to the likes of Alberta, Brucellosis and Michelson. Another massive influence is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, where a circular wall encloses a ring of columns and is surmounted by a dome. Moreover, Ju st as pilgrimage buildings on the main routes to or within the Holy Land imitated elements of the sacred buildings of Jerusalem, small rotunda churches were built in Europe as satellites of more important churches being approached by pilgrims. It has therefore been suggested that Liberties SanSebastian may have been built as a â€Å"sacred station en route to Sans Andrea†6, and thus emulates the centralized plan as a reference to the affiliations to the Holy Sepulcher, and does not relate to the Vitamins man. Other issues suggest that the use of centralization does not directly bare reference the human body, particularly when acknowledging the religious focus that many churches of the Renaissance still fostered, despite being built during the flourishing of humanism. Giuliani dad Sandals S. Maria dell Career, Pratt 1485, has the plan of a Greek cross, with 4 arms Joined to the crossing and a dome suspended over the Rossini.Here, however, architectural intentions other than th ose of centralization appear to prevail, when considering the manner in which the dome doesn't touch the incommoding of the arches, the pure white walls and geometrical simplicity of the building. Overall, Giuliani dad Seasonal has created a church that is able to â€Å"evoke in the congregation a consciousness of the presence of God†7, Just as Alberta stipulated that an ideal church should have a â€Å"purifying effect and produce the state of innocence which is pleasing to God†8.In addition to the issue of centralization, the human body is represented in architecture through the proportions and mathematical ratios applied to the building. Just as Plato thought that proportion was â€Å"the bond that holds things together†9, Alberta commented in his treatise of 1450 that: â€Å"Just as the head, foot and indeed any member must correspond to teach other and to all the rest of the body in an animal, so in a building, and especially in a temple, the parts of the whole body must be composed so 6 R.Tavern, On Alberta and the Art of Building (New Haven, London : Yale University Press, cache), p. 144 7 Editions, 1973) p. 19 8 9 Ibid. P. 6 R. Paddock, Proportion : Science, Philosophy, Architecture (London : E & FAN Spoon, Bibb p. 182 that they correspond to one another†10. This idea manifests itself in the way that buildings incorporate an overall system of proportion, but more specifically, the inclusion of the â€Å"perfect' numbers, as defined by the ancients, resulting from the tradition in which architectural measurements were made using parts of the body (foot, digit, cubit and inch).It was a combination of the discovery that a man's foot is one sixth of his height, with the knowledge of the 10 digits of the human body, which deed to the numbers 6, 10, and 16 being hailed as superior to all others, and those which would allow the perfection of the human body to be mirrored in architectural expressions. Liberties fade for Santa Maria Novella, completed in 1470, displays not only the unified proportions outlined by his treatise, but the ratios of perfect numbers.The whole fade is based on the unit of a square, but crucially, the central rose window stands at a height of 36 units above the entry platform, within a fade 60 units high. This ratio of 36:60 is significant because it relates directly to the emissions of the ‘ideal man' who is 60 inches tall, with a navel 36 inches off the ground. Other references to this particular ratio based on ‘perfect' numbers as determined by the ancients include Brutishness's oratory of Santa Maria dogleg Angel, and San Sebastian, with a ratio of 6:10 for the main elements of the building such as the door, apses, portico vault and dome.It is therefore apparent that there was a strong influence of the â€Å"perfect† numbers (relating to the human body) in the Renaissance, but, as witnessed with regards to centralization, this issue does not appear significant i n the Middle Ages. Only a few examples exist, one of which is Milan Cathedral in Lombardy, Northern Italy, which was begun in 1386 under the archbishop Antonio dad Assault, and displays proportions based on the ‘perfect' numbers in the width of its nave which is divided into 6 units of 16 brachia.The use of the perfect numbers as ratios for elements of buildings appeared extensive in the Renaissance, and widespread throughout architectural theories. It is also possible, however, to identify several other systems of proportion which were equally as influential on the architecture of these years. Whilst Pythagoras identified the Golden Section and the â€Å"perfect numbers†, he also discovered how musical harmonies could be determined by measured lengths of string, and therefore how the corresponding mathematical ratios could be applied to architectural proportions.In De Re Edification, Alberta appears to be strongly influenced by these discoveries, asserting the notion o f beauty in music being paralleled in architecture, and recommending ratios based on intervals greater than an octave. Francesco did Giorgio, in his Attractor did architecture,1482, does not write explicitly on the theory of proportion in architecture, but still comments on music ratios when making recommendations for the S. Francesco Della Vagina, Venice, completed in 1534.Here he explains how the ratio of width to height of the nave should be based on the musical harmony of a 4th (ratio 3:4), and makes suggestions for the width of the chapels and transepts on similar terms. He gives no explanation for his choice of particular ratios, only stressing the view stated by Alberta that a system of proportion should be related 10 press, CACHE), p. 202 to the whole building, and that churches should reveal the â€Å"perfection of the divine Ewing itself†1 1.In addition to musical ratios, another system of proportion that stands in competition with that based on the human body (name ly ‘perfect' numbers) is the notion of sacred geometry. This system particularly arises during the Renaissance, and is identifiable again with the example of Brutishness's Old Sacristy for San Lorenz, where the 3 arched windows are said to allude to the trinity, the four walls of the cube denote the evangelists, and the 12 ribs of the dome stand as a symbol for the apostles.One final and major way in which the human body influenced architecture is that of the orders. Having established counter-arguments regarding the physical properties of buildings, it is necessary to incorporate social issues into the debate. Although the ancient texts explained the importance of using human proportion in buildings, and the various ways in which they manifest themselves, this does not mean that subsequent theorists and architects were equally as influenced by these theories.Instead, when identifying the similarities between treatises on architecture, it may be that writers were influenced by the authority of previous writers, and not specifically the content of their writing. Furthermore, when comparing, for example, Alberta and Francesco did Giorgio, writing respectively in 1450 and 1482, it is crucial to note differences in their personalities, activities and educational background which will have influenced their work.This point of social and historical context is clarified by Alberta himself who said that: â€Å"the greatest Joy in the art of building is to have a good sense of what is appropriate†12, whilst Filtrate's work of 1465, â€Å"can be seen as an explicit historical document, albeit of arduous interpretation†13. The varied and extensive influence of the human body on architectural forms and rating have been discussed with reference to the classical orders, geometric shapes, proportions, ratios and measuring systems.However, whilst all these influences are apparent, it is necessary to question the extent to which these ideas, originally found ed in the human body, were used deliberately, or whether the architectural forms in which they manifested themselves were imitated for their own sake. Likewise, it is also possible to identify other influences and issues concerning the context and individuality of the artist which suggest the human body was rarely of he greatest influence.

Policy Speech on Drug Abuse Essay

Some of you may remember back in 5th grade the D.A.R.E song. You know the song about staying away from drugs and making your own choices. Come on! It had little dance moves that went along with the words. Well if you don’t remember, heres an example of the Chapman Elementary school in Dublin Ohio singing at their D.A.R.E graduation. (play video) Who went through a program like this in their elementary school? According to the Ocean Shore Police, today D.A.R.E. is being taught in all 50 states, in more than 300,000 classrooms. However, this program is not as effective as it was originally sought out to be. Drug abuse is a tremendous problem that must be addressed by the community in order to aid in future prevention. Today I will be talking to you about the D.A.R.E program now and how it is slowly losing its popularity, my proposal on how to change it and how this will positively effect the younger generations. D.A.R.E, standing for Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program, was founded in 1983 by the Los Angeles Police Department and eventually spread across the country. DARE is a primary, or universal prevention program. It targets children and youth before or around the age of experimentation, usually 5th graders. Today, the program reaches more than 26 million children every year in the United States. The non-profit program uses trained law enforcement officers to teach students about drug and alcohol resistance and prevention, and making good life choices. The hour-long classes typically run 10 to 17 weeks, depending on the school. The D.A.R.E. program enables students to interact with police officers or sheriffs in a safe and controlled classroom environment. This helps students and officers meet and understand each other in a friendly manner. Since it was founded, D.A.R.E. has expanded to encompass programs for middle and high school students, conflict resolution, gang prevention, parent education, and after-school recreation and learning. The curriculum has also been revised over the years as a result of research findings and is now more interactive by promoting participation by students. D.A.R.E. has also  established a Scientific Advisory Board to aid in self- evaluation and recommend program changes. Kathi Ackerman, director of Minnesota DARE said, â€Å"Its curriculum has been revamped at least 10 times since its creation.† Still, many districts have had to cut the program because it was too expensive and the outcome did not meet their standards. Julie Olson, director of elementary education said that the Rosemount-Apple Valley district had to drop DARE due to their $15 million budget shortfall. The district used the program for two decades; however it was cut from 18 elementary schools, saving the district $50,000 annually. Although the program has said it involves middle and high school students, research found that 80% of primary school students had experienced some D.A.R.E. education, but only 20% of middle school students and 10% of high school students were exposed to any follow-up drug use prevention. This is one of the great weaknesses within the program. Without a follow up lesson, kids tend to forget what they learned or simply think it does not apply to them anymore. Regardless of the positives DARE teaches, being exposed to these lessons in only one grade is not enough for it to become a way of life. If we ask the question, does DARE help support healthy attitudes about drug use, increase knowledge and awareness of addiction, and increase skills important for youth to have, then the answer is without a doubt yes. However is this enough for our children? Their lives are at stake and if we do not see results, then we are not effectively doing our job. What the critics fail to recognize, is that no single program can be expected to have a lasting effect by itself. Namely, no one component in prevention is sufficient in and of itself to reduce the prevalence of drug use. For this reason, I propose an updated version of the DARE program. A version that will run throughout middle and high school, involve the parents, schools teachers, faculty and staff. This new program will continue on with all that is already in the DARE program; however, it will also include guest speakers, field trips and hands on activities. Volunteer guest speakers will range from previously abusive drug and alcohol users, current abusers and families of those that have lost a loved one to the disease of addiction. The lack of shock and â€Å"in your face† types of actions are what the current DARE program is missing. This may be due to the fact that its primary age  group for students is in the elementary school level. Kids in middle and high school need to see these types of people for it to actually effect them. I know that every teenager thinks they are invincible and that they can do anything. They have the mindset, â€Å"That could never be me.† I did, but boy did I get a news flash when I went on a field trip with my criminal justice class to the Nassau Jail. A few of the inmates volunteered to tell their stories. There was this one beautiful girl sitting in the corner and I honestly thought she was part of staff, until she stood up and told her story about drug addiction. She happened to live in my town. How crazy is that? That definitely hit home to many of the students in my class. This is the type of shock value we need to express to our children for them to understand the actual reality that ones actions can lead to. We can throw all of these stories onto a child or teenager, yet it cannot stop there. Parents who play a vital role in a child’s life, have to impose their influence on decision making to lead towards healthy choices. Within the program there will be parent and teacher seminars which will explain what the children are learning, the ways they are being taught and ways the adults can reenforce the lessons. The seminars for adults will also include the same guest speakers and opportunities to take the same field trips that the children go on. Finally these seminars will include how to detect signs of addiction, ways to sufficiently help your child and contact information for specialized therapists, rehabilitation centers and anonymous support groups. Some may see this as to be a bit heavy and too much for their children ages 10-18 to go through; however this is the harsh reality. We need to take action and take action now! Drug abuse is still a popular fad amongst teenagers even with prevention programs like DARE. Obviously, we as a community are not effectively doing our jobs. With a revised version of DARE, students, parents and teachers will be able to work together to prevent this fad from reoccurring. Having hands on activities, guest speakers, field trips and adult seminars will create a more sufficient program to lead children towards a healthy future. Now think back to the DARE song that Chapman Elementary School performed. Can we only teach our children a cute song or can we actually send a message  that will stick?